Imperialism
High School
Definition
A policy in which a powerful nation extends its control over other territories, often for resources, markets, or prestige. From the 1800s, European empires colonized much of Africa and Asia, deeply affecting the colonized peoples.
Worked examples
Britain's colonization of India (1757–1947), where the British East India Company controlled trade, resources, and eventually governance.
A powerful nation extended political and economic control over another territory for resources and markets.
The Scramble for Africa (1880s–1914), when European powers divided and claimed nearly the entire continent at the Berlin Conference.
Multiple empires competed to extend control over territories for prestige, resources, and strategic advantage.
Common mistakes
- Imperialism and colonialism are the same thing → Imperialism is the policy of extending control; colonialism is one method (settling and governing the territory) Imperialism can occur through indirect control, economic dominance, or military influence without full colonization.
- Imperialism only happened in the 1800s–1900s → Imperialism has occurred throughout history (Roman Empire, Mongol Empire, etc.), but the term often refers to modern European expansion The definition focuses on 1800s European imperialism, but the practice itself is much older.
- Imperialism was only about gaining territory → Imperialism sought resources, markets, strategic locations, and national prestige — not just land Economic motives and competition among nations were as important as territorial expansion itself.
Where you'll use it next
You'll apply imperialism when studying World War I causes, decolonization movements, the Cold War's proxy conflicts, and modern debates about neocolonialism and global inequality.
See also
Reviewed by Pat Cheng, M.Ed. — StudyPug Curriculum Lead · Last updated June 6, 2026