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Pollution and Hard Water Treatment by Precipitation

Chemistry: Master Core Concepts & Problem Solving

Introduction to Chemistry

Introduction to the periodic table

Introduction to chemical formulae

Unit conversions in chemistry

Scientific notation and significant figures

The Atom

Atomic structure

History and development of atomic theory

Electronic structure: 288 rule

Electronic structure: Subshells

Ion formation

Isotopes

The Periodic Table and Elements

History and development of the periodic table

Structure of the periodic table

Properties of elements in the periodic table

Periodic trends: Atomic radius 

Periodic trends: Electronegativity

Periodic trends: Ionization energy

Chemical Reactions and Groups

Introduction to chemical reactions

Balancing chemical equations

Types of chemical reactions

Phases in chemical reactions

Group 1: Alkali metals

Group 7: The halogens

Group 18: Noble gases 

Stoichiometry

Introduction to stoichiometry

Moles, mass and gas calculations

Moles and molar concentration

Moles, excess and limiting reagents

Percentage yield and atom economy

Compounds and Bonding

Introduction to bonding

Ionic and covalent bonding

Intermolecular forces

Lewis structures

Molecular geometry

Metallic bonding

Alloys

Polymers

Structure and bonding of carbon

Nanotechnology

Basic Organic Chemistry

Introduction to organic chemistry

Alkanes

Alkenes and unsaturated hydrocarbons

Alcohols

Haloalkanes

Benzene and aromatic compounds

Naming organic compounds and groups

Solution Chemistry

Introduction to solution chemistry and solubility

Electrical conductivity

Molarity

Polarity

Energetics, Kinetics and Reaction Rate

Introduction to kinetics

Activation energy

Boltzmann distribution

Enthalpy

Factors affecting reaction rate

Reaction rate graphs

Catalysts

Reaction mechanisms

Equilibrium

Introduction to dynamic equilibrium

Le Chatelier's principle

The equilibrium constant

The Haber process

Acid-Base Theory

Introduction to acid-base theory

Conjugate acids and bases

Strong and weak acids and bases

Autoionization of water

Acid dissociation constant (\({K_a} \)and \({K_b}\))

Relative strengths of acids and bases

pH, pOH and antilogs

Mixing strong acids and bases

Hydrolysis

\({K_a} \)and \({K_b}\) calculations

Acid-base titration

pH indicators

Titration curves

Buffer solutions

Solubility Equilibria

Solubility and ion concentration

Predicting solubility

Ionic equations

Separating mixtures by precipitation

Ksp Solubility product

Predicting a precipitate

Pollution and hard water treatment

The common ion effect

Redox and Electrochemistry

Introduction to electrochemistry

Oxidation number

Half equations

Balancing redox equations

Chemical cells

Redox titrations

Predicting redox reactions using cell potential

Electrolysis

chem

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Intro

<b>Ex 2</b>

<b>Ex 1</b>

Pollution and hard water treatment by precipitation