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Organic Synthesis: Practical Methods and Procedures

A-Level Chemistry: Master Key Concepts & Skills

Kinetics

Introduction to kinetics

Boltzmann distribution

Factors affecting rate of reaction

Reaction rate graphs

Catalysts

Experiments to find the order of reaction

Finding the order of reaction and rate equation

Acid-Base Theory

Introduction to acid-base theory

Conjugate acids and bases

Strong and weak acids and bases

Ionic product of water: Kw

Acid dissociation constant

Relative strength of acids and bases

pH and pOH

Ka and Kb calculations

Acid-base titration

pH indicators

Titration curves

Buffer solutions

Energetics (Enthalpy and Entropy)

Enthalpy: Lattice energy, atomisation and electron affinity

Enthalpy of hydration and solution 

Calculations using Born-Haber cycles 

Polarisability

Entropy changes and Gibbs free energy

Redox (Cell Potential)

Chemical cells

Redox titrations

Predicting redox reactions using cell potential

Introduction to cell potential

Redox and fuel cells

Transition Metals

Introduction to transition metals and the d-block

Ligands and complex ions

Ligand exchange reactions

Reactions of vanadium and other transition metals

Transition metal catalysts

Organic Chemistry: Carbonyl Groups, Aromatic Chemistry, Nitrogen Compounds and Synthesis

Chirality and optical isomers

Aldehydes and ketones: Properties and reactions

Carboxylic acids, acyl chlorides and esters

Polyesters and polyamides

Structure, bonding and reactions of benzene

Amines, amides and amino acids

Increasing carbon chain length using Grignard reagents 

Identifying organic compounds using data

Organic synthesis: Multi-step reactions

Organic synthesis: Practical methods and procedures

Analytical Chemistry: NMR, Chromatography and Mass Spec

Proton NMR

Mass spectrometry

Introduction to NMR: Carbon-13 (13C) NMR

IR spectroscopy

Introduction to chromatography: TLC, GC, HPLC

Assignments

Challenge Zone

Foundation Review

A-Level Chemistry

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Intro

Ex 1

Identifying errors in a reflux apparatus diagram

Ex 2

Drawing and labelling a reflux apparatus for oxidizing pentan-2-ol

Intro to practical methods and equipment in organic synthesis

How reflux condensers keep reactants in the reaction mixture

Drawing a distillation setup to isolate pentanone from pentanol

Using distillation to separate and purify organic products

Purifying products using recrystallization

Purifying liquid products using solvent extraction

Using melting point analysis to test product purity

This topic covers the practical techniques used to carry out and purify an organic synthesis: heating under reflux, distillation, recrystallisation, liquid-liquid extraction, drying agents, and checking purity by melting point and thin layer chromatography, finishing with percentage yield calculations.

Organic Synthesis Practical Methods | StudyPug

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Intro to practical methods and equipment in organic synthesis