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Null and Alternative Hypotheses: Key Concepts Explained

Statistics: Master Data Analysis & Probability

Set Theory

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Set notation

Understanding How to Use Set Notation

Set builder notation

Intersection and union of 2 sets

Intersection and Union of 2 Sets

Intersection and union of 3 sets

Intersection and Union of 3 Sets

Basic Concepts

Classification of data

Characteristics of Quantitative Data

Classify the Level of Measurement

Identify the Level of Measurement

Sampling methods

Sampling Methods

Census and bias

Census and Bias

Classifying Bias

Data Representation

Frequency distribution and histograms

Stem and leaf plots

The Leaf and Stem of Numbers

Recognizing the Leaf and Stem of Numbers

Recognizing The Leaf And Stem of Numbers Leaf

Recognizing The Leaf And Stem of Numbers Stem

Reading Stem and Leaf Plots — Median

Reading Stem and Leaf Plots — Range

stem and leaf plots Range

Reading Stem and Leaf Plots

Reading Stem and Leaf Plots — Mean

Reading Stem and Leaf Plots — Mode

Frequency polygons

Shapes of distributions

Data Interpretation

Center of a data set: mean, median, mode

Spread of a data set - standard deviation & variance

Measures of relative standing - z-score, quartiles, percentiles

Bivariate, scatter plots and correlation

Regression analysis

Equation of the best fit line

Discrete Probabilities

Probability distribution - histogram, mean, variance & standard deviation

Binomial distribution

Binomial Distribution

Mean and standard deviation of binomial distribution

Interpreting Mean and Standard Deviation of Binomial

Poisson distribution

Poisson Distribution

Geometric distribution

Negative binomial distribution

Negative Binomial Distribution

Determining the Negative Binomial Distribution

Determining the Cumulative Negative Binomial Distribution

Hypergeometric distribution

Determining the Cumulative Hypergeometric Distribution

Hypergeometric Distribution

Properties of expectation

Properties of Expectation and Variance

Properties of Expectation

Normal Distribution and Z-score

Introduction to normal distribution

The Normal Distribution and the 68-95-99.7 Rule

Using "invNorm" to Solve Normal Distribution Problems

Normal distribution and continuous random variable

Z-scores and random continuous variables

Sampling distributions

Understanding Proportions and Sample Size

Central limit theorem

Central Limit Theorem

Applying the Central Limit Theorem

Rare event rule

The Rare Event Rule for the Central Limit Theorem

Confidence Intervals

Point estimates

Confidence levels and critical values

Margin of error

Margin of Error

Making a confidence interval

Chi-Squared confidence intervals

Chi-Squared Confidence Intervals

Confidence intervals to estimate population mean

Student's t-distribution

Student"s t-distribution

Determining a Confidence Interval for a Population Mean using t-distributions

Combinatorics

Fundamental counting principle

Fundamental Counting Principle Involving Restrictions

Factorial notation

Permutations

Combinations

Problems involving both permutations and combinations

Permutation vs. Combination

Probability

Addition rule for 

Addition Rule for "OR"

Addition rule for "OR"

Multiplication rule for 

Multiplication rule for "AND"

Multiplication Rule for "AND"

Conditional probability

Probability with permutations and combinations

Probability involving permutations and combinations

Law of total probability

Law of Total Probability

Probability of a randomly selected employee meeting a sales target

Probability of a randomly selected driver being involved in an accident

Probability of a randomly selected customer making a purchase

Probability of a randomly selected person being overweight

Bayes' rule

Bayes" Rule

Bayes rule

Bayes" rule

Bayes' Rule

Probability with Venn diagrams

Hypothesis Testing

Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis

Proving claims

Confidence levels, significance levels and critical values

Test statistics

Traditional hypothesis testing

Traditional Mean Hypothesis Testing

P-value hypothesis testing

Proportion Hypothesis Testing

Chi-Squared hypothesis testing

Variance Hypothesis Testing

Chi-Squared Hypothesis Testing

Mean hypothesis testing with t-distribution

Hypothesis Testing Mean Claims without Knowing <katex> \sigma </katex>

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Chi-square goodness of fit test

Type 1 and type 2 errors

Type 1 and Type 2 Errors

<p>Our Statistics tutors have you covered with our complete stats help &ndash; be it Introduction to Statistics, Probability and Statistics, Elementary Statistics, or Business Statistics. Learn stats with ease!</p>
<p>Just like your Statistics class or textbook, our comprehensive stats help includes topics such as Descriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics, Hypothesis testing, Probability, Regression, Correlation, Empirical rule, T-test, Standard deviation, and more. Learn the concepts with our stats tutorials that show you step-by-step solutions to even the hardest statistics problems. Then, strengthen your understanding with tons of statistics practice.</p> 
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<h2>What are statistics?</h2>
<p>Statistics &ndash; the math and science of data collection, analysis, visualization, and interpretation. Typically paired with the study of probability, the study of likelihoods for a particular event, statistics can also be described as the study of events given a series of probabilities. A statistic on the other hand, is the result that is yielded after data is analysed. A statistic can be described as descriptive or inferential. Descriptive statistics provide general summaries such as the distribution, spread and centre of a dataset. Inferential statistics involves data analysis on just a sample of the population to make inferences on the larger population as a whole.</p>
<figure class="quote">
<q>Statistical thinking will one day be as necessary a qualification for efficient citizenship as the ability to read and write.</q>
<figcaption>H.G. Wells</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><center><i></i></center></p>
<p align="right"></p>
<p>As suggested by Wells, Statistics math and probability math are both important topics you will likely encounter or require further on in life. At the very least, statistics are paramount in helping make major decisions that will have some effect on you. Governments are frequently tasked with collecting statistics from the population to inform them on the status of issues and how they can better serve the public. Academically speaking, be it in this course, an introduction to statistics course, probability and statistics or introduction to probability class, the purpose and study of statistics is to equip with you with strong mathematical induction and deduction skills when faced with data. Furthermore through exposure of the best practices in data collection, data analysis, data representation, and interpretation, the study of statistics aims to improve your analytical and problem-solving skills.</p>

<h2>How to learn statistics?</h2>
<p>Learning statistics begins <a href='[[region_textbook.html|{"textbook_key":"statistics"}]]'>here and now at StudyPug</a>! We cover topics that span first and second year statistics courses, business statistics, probability and statistics for engineering and statistics, and even stats for dummies. Learning stats online has never been more easier!</p>
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<p>Remember that our lessons and tutors are always there for you &ndash; experiencing difficulty in solving a specific question? Revisit the topic lesson, revise the different examples and go through the steps in solving similar problems. Learn the key tidbits and pointers to help you remember how to tackle similar questions effortlessly!</p>

<h2>Looking for a specific Statistics Course or topic?</h2>
<p>While there are a lot of Statistics topics covered here, some may be out of the scope of your current stats class. Visit us here at our <a href='[[canon_textbook.html|{"textbook_key":"statistics-help"}]]'>Statistics Help page</a> where we have listed ALL things statistical just for you!</p>

<h2>Is statistics hard?</h2>
<p>Here at StudyPug we do our best to give you all the stats help you need because we know that statistics can be hard. Perhaps you have already become aware that statistics is still math and you are no good at math. Therefore you have already come to the conclusion that statistics is hard and that this is going to be a tedious and painful experience. But just like Geometry, Calculus, Abstract Algebra, or Trigonometry, there are challenges and topics that are going to be more difficult than others.</p>
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<h2>How to pass statistics?</h2>
<p>So you have made it this far in the course and need help with that upcoming midterm, or exam. Fear not, StudyPug can get you up to speed with our comprehensive statistics review regime! Our stats tutors are well acquainted with how to help students with their statistics exam prep. With a wealth of testing experience under their belts, our tutors are well informed as to what to expect in your upcoming exam, and how to prepare for it. A stats test can be overwhelming and intimidating with all the material that needs to be covered, so be sure to plan and exercise statistics revision habits well in advance!</p>
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