# Limits at infinity - horizontal asymptotes

##### Introduction
###### Lessons
1. Introduction to Horizontal Asymptotes
2. opposite relationship between "vertical asymptote" and "horizontal asymptote"
3. how horizontal asymptotes are defined on each end of a function
4. evaluate limits at infinity algebraically –"Highest Power Rule"!
5. lesson overview
##### Examples
###### Lessons
1. Relate Asymptotes to Limits
Express all asymptotes in limit notations for the function $f$ whose graph is shown below.

1. Discuss the Foundation of Limits at Infinity
Find:
i) $lim_{x \to \infty } \;\frac{1}{x}$
ii) $lim_{x \to - \infty } \;\frac{1}{x}$
1. Use "Highest Power Rule" to Evaluate Limits at Infinity of Rational Functions in 3 Types
Find:
1. $lim_{x \to \infty } \;\frac{{-5x^2+13x+100}}{{2x^2-8}}$
(Type 1: degree of numerator = degree of denominator)
2. $lim_{x \to - \infty } \;\frac{{2x - 9}}{{{x^3} + 7{x^2} + 10x + 21}}$
(Type 2: degree of numerator < degree of denominator)
3. $lim_{x \to \infty } \;\frac{{{x^2} - 3x + 11}}{{5 - x}}$
(Type 3: degree of numerator > degree of denominator)
2. Evaluate Limits at Infinity of Functions Involving Radicals
Find the horizontal asymptotes of the function $f\left( x \right) = \frac{{\sqrt {3{x^2} + 7x - 1000} }}{{5x + 8}}$ by evaluating:
i) $lim_{x \to \infty } \;\frac{{\sqrt {3{x^2} + 7x - 1000} }}{{5x + 8}}$
ii) $lim_{x \to - \infty } \;\frac{{\sqrt {3{x^2} + 7x - 1000} }}{{5x + 8}}$
1. Multiply Conjugates First, then Evaluate Limits
Find:
1. $lim_{x \to \infty } \;\left( {\sqrt {9{x^2} + 12x} - 3x} \right)$
2. $lim_{x \to - \infty } \;\left( {x + \sqrt {{x^2} - 5x} } \right)$
2. Infinite Limits at Infinity
Find:
i) $lim_{x \to \infty } \;{x^3}$
ii) $lim_{x \to - \infty } \;{x^3}$
1. Ambiguous Case: $\infty - \infty$
Find $lim_{x \to \infty } \;{x^2} - x$
1. Limits at Infinity of Exponential Functions
Find:
i) $lim_{x \to \infty } \;{e^x}$
ii) $lim_{x \to - \infty } \;{e^x}$
1. Limits at Infinity of Trigonometric Functions
Find $lim_{x \to \infty } \;\sin x$
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###### Topic Notes
There are times when we want to see how a function behaves near a horizontal asymptote. Much like finding the limit of a function as x approaches a value, we can find the limit of a function as x approaches positive or negative infinity. In this section, we will learn how to evaluate limits at infinity algebraically using the "Highest Power Rule", with tricks like using conjugates, common denominators, and factoring.
The line $y = L$ is a horizontal asymptote of the curve $y = f(x)$ in any of the following two cases:
i)$lim_{x \to\infty } f\left( x \right) = L$
ii) $lim_{x \to,-\infty } f\left( x \right) = L$

or

or