Solution sets of linear systems

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Intros
Lessons
  1. Solution Set of Linear Systems Overview:
  2. Homogeneous Systems
    Ax=0 Ax=0
    • Trivial, non-Trivial, and general solutions
  3. Solution Sets of Homogeneous Systems
    • Parametric Vector Equation with 1 free variable: x=tvx=tv
    • Parametric Vector Equation with 2 free variable x=su+tvx=su+tv
    • Parametric Vector Equation with more than 2 free variables
  4. NonHomogeneous Systems
    Ax=bAx=b
    • General Solutions with an extra vector
  5. Solution Sets of Nonhomogeneous Systems
    • Parametric Vector Equation with 1 free variable: : x=p+tvx=p+tv
    • Parametric Vector Equation with 2 free variables: x=p+su+tvx=p+su+tv
    • Parametric Vector Equation with more than 2 free variables
  6. Difference Between Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous
    • Extra p=p= Translation
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Examples
Lessons
  1. Solution Sets of Homogeneous Systems
    Find the solution set of the homogeneous system in parametric vector form:
    x1+3x2+3x3=0 x_1+3x_2+3x_3=0
    x13x23x3=0 -x_1-3x_2-3x_3=0
    2x2+2x3=0 2x_2+2x_3=0
    1. Find the solution set Ax=0Ax=0 in parametric vector form if:
      find solution set in parametric vector form
      1. Solution Sets of Non-homogeneous Systems
        Find the solution set of the nonhomogeneous system in parametric vector form:
        x1+2x23x3=2 x_1+2x_2-3x_3=2
        2x1+x23x3=4 2x_1+x_2-3x_3=4
        x1+x2=2 -x_1+x_2=-2
        1. Comparing Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous Systems
          Describe and compare the solution sets of 2x1+3x25x3=02x_1+3x_2-5x_3=0 and 2x1+3x25x3=42x_1+3x_2-5x_3=4
          1. Describe and compare the solution sets of x14x2+2x3=0x_1-4x_2+2x_3=0 and x14x2+2x3=3x_1-4x_2+2x_3=-3
            1. Parametric equation of a line and Translation
              Find the parametric equation of the line through Find the parametric equation of the line 1 parallel to Find the parametric equation of the line 2. Draw all the vectors and the line to show you obtained the line itself geometrically.
              Topic Notes
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              Solution Sets of linear systems


              What is a solution set in algebra

              A solution set in algebra refers to the set of values which inputted into a system of equations correctly solve such system. In other words, these values satisfy the equality of the equations contained in the system we are trying to solve and so, the list of the corresponding value for each unknown variable in a system conforms the complete set of solutions.

              At this point, we are no strangers to the idea of solving a set of linear equations, we have done it in different ways through past lessons in our Linear Algebra course, such as in the lesson on solving systems of linear equations by graphing or the lesson about solving a linear system with matrices using Gaussian elimination.

              We will continue to use such techniques (mostly Gaussian elimination, also known as row reduction) throughout our lesson of today to find a linear system solution, but before we continue on to that it is imperative we finally get to know the types of linear systems of equations that we can find in our problems:

              A system of linear equations is homogeneous if we can write its matrix equation in the form Ax=0Ax=0. On the other hand, a system of linear equations is nonhomogeneous if we can write its matrix equation in the form Ax=bAx=b.

              We can express solution sets of linear systems in parametric vector form, but the type of system we have to work with will make a difference in the type of solutions we can obtain:
              • Types of solutions a homogeneous system can have in parametric vector form:
                • With 1 free variable: x=tvx=tv
                • With 2 free variables: x=su+tvx=su+tv
                • With n free variables: x=av1+bv2+...+nvnx=av_{1}+bv_{2}+...+nvn

              • Types of solutions a nonhomogeneous system can have in a parametric vector form:
                • With 1 free variable: x=p+tvx=p+tv
                • With 2 free variables: x=p+su+tvx=p+su+tv
                • With n free variables: x=p+av1+bv2+...+nvnx=p+av_{1}+bv_{2}+...+nv_{n}

              Where x represents the column vector containing all of the corresponding unknown variables from the linear system. uu, vv and v1,2...nv_{1, 2 ... n} represent the column vectors formed by the coefficients of each unknown variable in each equation from the system; while ss, tt and aa,bb , ... ,nn are the free variables.

              For the case of nonhomogeneous systems you will have an extra vector coming out in the solutions, this extra vector is what we have named pp above.

              How to find a solution set of an equation

              The basic steps to follow when calculating solution sets for a system of linear equations are:
              1. Convert the linear system into a matrix equation
              2. Rewrite the matrix equation as an augmented matrix
              3. Compute the reduced echelon form of the augmented matrix using Gaussian elimination
              4. The reduced echelon form of the matrix will provide the values (or expressions) for the unknown variables, use these solutions to write down the parametric vector equation form which will contain the complete set of solutions for the system.

              All of these steps will be explained in detail in the exercise examples provided in the last section of this lesson. For now, it is important that if you have any doubt on how to work through any of the steps mentioned above, you revisit the next past lessons: representing a linear system as a matrix, row reduction and echelon forms and matrix equation Ax=bAx=b.

              Before we continue onto the next section of this lesson, let us have a quick review of something we have been mentioning many times throughout our lessons: matrix multiplication!
              Below you can find the diagram containing the general rules for matrix multiplication. You must be already familiarized with this diagram since we have included it in lessons before. The reason why we bring this one up, is that in order to produce matrix equations we will be looking into matrix multiplications (the matrix equations Ax=0Ax=0 and Ax=bAx=b are matrix multiplications themselves!), and so, just take the next diagram as a reference for later parts of this lesson where you will be working on exercise examples.

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 1: Matrix multiplication

              What is a trivial solution in linear algebra

              A vector is called trivial if all its coordinates are 0, for example, if it is the zero vector
              In Linear Algebra we are not interested in only finding one solution to a system of linear equations. We are interested in all possible solutions. In particular, homogeneous systems of equations (see above) are very important. The important question for a homogeneous system is whether or not there is any non-trivial solution, i. e. whether there is any solution other than the trivial one. Sometimes there will be, sometimes there wont. Paradoxically, its actually the case where the trivial solution is the only possible one that is the most important. This situation is described by one of the most important words in the whole course.

              Find solution set

              For this final section of our lesson of today, we will be looking for the solutions sets of linear systems. As usual, we will be using notation of matrices in order to find the corresponding matrix solution set required in each case.

              Example 1

              Find the solution set of the homogeneous system in parametric vector form:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 2: System of linear equations

              As we have been doing so for a few lessons now, we transform this system into an augmented matrix and then row reduce it until we obtain its reduced echelon form in order to find the final expressions for the variables of the system:

              Solution Sets of linear systems

              Solution Sets of linear systems

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 3: Row reducing the augmented matrix

              As you can see from the results above, x3x_{3} happens to be a free variable since there is no pivot corresponding to its column in the augmented matrix. And so, the final solution set for system of equations shown in equation x is:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 4: Final solution set in parametric form


              Example 2

              Given matrix AA, find the solution set Ax=0Ax=0 in parametric vector form:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 5: Matrix A

              We write down the matrix equation Ax=0Ax=0 following the rules of matrix multiplication:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 6: Matrix equation Ax=0

              We use this matrix equation to write an augmented matrix which we can solve for the unknown variables as follows:

              Solution Sets of linear systems

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 7: Reducing the augmented matrix

              By computing the reduced echelon form of the augmented matrix we can observe how we are left with no pivots for the second and third column, which means the variables x2x_{2} and x3x_{3} are free variables. And so, we write the solution set of linear equation 8 in parametric form as shown below:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 8: Final solution set in parametric form


              Example 3

              Find the solution set for the nonhomogeneous system in parametric vector form:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 9: System of linear equations

              Writing down the corresponding matrix equation for the linear system:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 10: Matrix equation from the system of linear equations

              We convert this matrix equation into an augmented matrix and row reduce it into we can obtain the unknown variables expressions:

              Solution Sets of linear systems

              Solution Sets of linear systems

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 11: Row reducing the augmented matrix

              As you can see, the variable x3x_{3} is a free variable and so the final solution set for this nonhomogeneous system in parametric form is:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 12: Final solution set

              Notice how our final solution set contains an extra vector without a variable factor. This is usually the case for nonhomogeneous systems as you will see in the next examples.

              Example 4

              Describe and compare the solution sets for each of the nest two linear equations:

              2x1+3x25x3=2x_{1} + 3x_{2} - 5x_{3} = \, 0   \; and   2x1+3x25x3= \; 2x_{1} + 3x_{2} - 5x_{3} = \, 4
              Equation 13: A homogeneous and a nonhomogeneous linear equation

              For this case, each equation happens to have its own solution set, and thus, we can obtain a matrix equation, then an augmented matrix to finally arrive to the parametric vector form of the solution set with each equation.
              Since we will be solving for the solution set of a linear equation at a time, let us begin with the homogeneous equation (the one on the left in equation w). We start by writing down its corresponding matrix equation:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 14: Matrix equation

              Although making a matrix equation out of a single algebraic equation may seem trouble some, we just have to follow the rules of matrix multiplication shown in equation ____ to construct the equation as has been shown above. The numbers in the bottom of the equation represent the dimensions of each element in the multiplication: The first factor in the multiplication (the left-most matrix) has one row and three columns, followed by the next factor with three rows and one column. This makes sense since in order to multiply two matrices, the first one must contain the same number of columns as the second one has rows. And then, the result of such multiplication must always have the dimensions coming from the number of rows from the first matrix and the number of columns from the second matrix.

              Then, the augmented matrix corresponding to the matrix equation above looks like:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 15: Augmented matrix

              Notice we have written the names of the variables being represented in each column of the matrix, this, just as the dimensions of the matrices in equation 14, is not needed. We have elected to write these specifications down so the computations can be shown clearly.
              From the augmented matrix we can conclude that the variables x2x_{2} and x3x_{3} are free variables. And so, we write down the final solution set for this homogeneous equation:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 16: Final solution set for homogeneous equation

              Now let us obtain the linear solution of the nonhomogeneous equation (the right-most equation from the set found in equation w) in parametric vector form. We start by writing down its corresponding matrix equation:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 17: Matrix equation

              Which will produce the augmented matrix below:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 18: Augmented matrix

              And the solution in parametric vector form is:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Equation 19: Final solution set for the nonhomogeneous equation

              Notice that the difference between the two solutions (equations 16 and 19) is only an extra vector resulting from the nonzero value of the nonhomogeneous equation.

              Example 5

              For this problem we are going to follow the exact same process as we did in the past example to solve the set of linear equations provided. To facilitate the comparison between the two results, we have designed a table in which we have inputted the computation result of each step of the process:

              x14x2+2x3=x_{1} - 4x_{2} + 2x_{3} = \, 0   \; and   x14x2+2x3= \; x_{1} - 4x_{2} + 2x_{3} = \, -3
              Equation 20: Set of linear equations provided

              Now let us go through the entire process of the solution set in algebra inside the next table:

              Solution Sets of linear systems
              Table 1: Summary of description and comparison of the process to obtain a solution set from linear equations

              Notice that variables x2x_{2} and x3x_{3} are free variables. And the difference between the solution of each equation is that the nonhomogeneous equation produces an extra column vector on its parametric solution.

              ***

              To continue the practice on solving a set of linear equations we recommend you to take a look at these algebra notes on solutions and solution sets of linear systems, both links contain some more examples similar to the ones we have studied today.

              It is the end of this lesson, see you in the next one!
              A system of linear equations is homogeneous if we can write the matrix equation in the form Ax=0Ax=0.

              A system of linear equations is nonhomogeneous if we can write the matrix equation in the form Ax=bAx=b.

              We can express solution sets of linear systems in parametric vector form.

              Here are the types of solutions a homogeneous system can have in parametric vector form:
              1. With 1 free variable: x=tvx=tv
              2. With 2 free variables: x=su+tvx=su+tv
              3. With n free variables: x=av1+bv2++nvnx=av_1+bv_2+\cdots+nv_n

              Here are the types of solutions a nonhomogeneous system can have in a parametric vector form:
              1. With 1 free variable: x=p+tvx=p+tv
              2. With 2 free variables: x=p+su+tvx=p+su+tv
              3. With n free variables: x=p+av1+bv2++nvnx=p+av_1+bv_2+\cdots+nv_n