Perfect competition in the long run

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Intros
Lessons
1. Perfect Competition in the Long Run Overview:
2. Long Run: Entry & Exit
• Short-run equilibrium $\,$$\,$ economic loss, profit, or breaks-even
• Long-run equilibrium $\,$$\,$ firm always breaks-even
• Firm incentive to enter market when p > ATC
• Firm exits market when p < ATC
3. Long-Run: Changes to Demand
• Firm starts by making zero profit
• Increase in Demand $\,$$\,$ Economic profit
• Firms enter market $\,$$\,$ increase in supply until firms break-even
• Decrease in Demand $\,$$\,$ Economic Loss
• Firms exit market $\,$$\,$ decrease in supply until firms break-even
4. Long-Run: Changes to Supply as Technology Advance
• Firms start by making zero profit
• Technology advance decrease MC$\,$ &$\,$ ATC $\,$$\,$ economic profit
• Firms enter market $\,$$\,$ increase in supply until firms break-even
Examples
Lessons
1. Predicting Prices for Exiting & Entering the Market
Suppose the market is perfectly competitive, and you are given the following graph:
 Output Total Cost 0 5 1 12 2 17 3 24 4 33 5 44
1. If the equilibrium price is $9, will firms leave or enter the market? 2. If the equilibrium price is$5, will firms leave or enter the market?
2. Suppose the market is perfectly competitive, and you are given the following information
 Output Total Cost 0 8 1 16 2 22 3 30 4 40 5 52
1. At what price will some firms exit the market in the long run?
2. At what price will some firms enter the market in the long run?
3. What is the market price in the long run?
3. Understanding Changes to Demand and Supply in the Long Run
Suppose the equilibrium price and quantity is that the shutdown point. If there is an increase in demand, does that automatically assume there is economic profit?
1. All the firms are currently breaking even. Suppose a natural disaster destroys all the firm's low-cost plant. All the firms now must switch to a high-cost plant. Describe what happens to the marginal cost, average total cost. Do the firms still breakeven? What happens to the market in the long run? Show this graphically.
Topic Notes
Long Run: Entry & Exit

Recall in the short-run, firms can either have economic loss, economic profit, or break-even.

In the long run, firms will always end up breaking even.

Entry: Firms will only enter the market if firms in the market are making economic profit (p > ATC).

When firms enter the market, they increase the supply, shifting the supply curve rightward. This causes the equilibrium price to decrease, which also causes the MR curve (p) $\,$ to shift down.

The supply curve keeps shifting rightward until p = ATC $\,$ In this case, the firms break even.

Exit: Firms will only exit the market if they are incurring economic loss (p < ATC).

When firms exit the market, the decrease the supply, shifting the supply curve leftward. This causes the equilibrium price to increase, which also causes the MR $\,$ curve (p)$\,$ to shift up.

The supply curve keeps shifting leftward until p = ATC$\,$. In this case, the firms again break even.

Long Run: Changes to Demand

Increase in Demand: Suppose the firm’s profit is breaking even.

The increase in demand shifts the demand curve rightward, causing an increase to equilibrium price. This causes the MR$\,$ curve (p)$\,$ to shift up.

Firms will see that p > ATC, so there is an economic profit. This causes firms to enter the market, which will shift the supply curve rightward and decrease equilibrium price. Thus, the MR curve (p)$\,$ shifts back down.

The MR $\,$curve shifts down until p > ATC. Hence, the firms will break-even.

Decrease in Demand: Suppose the firm’s profit is breaking even.

The decrease in demand shifts the demand curve leftward, causing a decrease to equilibrium price. This causes the MR$\,$ curve (p)$\,$ to shift down.

Firms will see that p < ATC, so they will incur economic loss. This causes firms to exit the market, which shifts the supply curve leftward and increase equilibrium price. Thus, the MR$\,$ curve (p)$\,$ shifts back up.

The MR$\,$ curve shifts up until p = ATC. Hence, the firms will break-even.

Long Run: Changes to Supply as Technology Advance

Decrease in Cost: Suppose the firm’s profit is breaking even.

Technology advances will shift the ATC$\,$ curve and MC$\,$ curve downward, causing firms to have economic profit.

This causes firms to enter the market, which will shift the supply curve rightward and decrease equilibrium price. This causes the MR curve (p)$\,$ to shift down.

The MR curve will shift down until p = ATC. In this case, the firms will break-even.